The Silent Way Teaching Method
There are endless teaching methods that have evolved over time.
And hovering wordlessly in a category by itself is a powerful but somewhat oddball method known as the “Silent Way.”
The silent way teaching method focuses on students’ output and participation in the language more than the teacher’s instruction.
It’s been around since the early 1970s but is one of the lesser-known methods for teaching languages.
In this post, you’ll learn everything you need to know about the Silent Way method and how to use it in your classes.
Contents
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What Is the Silent Way?
This unconventional method was developed alongside Afro hairstyles and platform shoes back in the 1970s by mathematician (yes, I said mathematician) Caleb Gattegno.
It was based upon ideas outlined in his book “Teaching Foreign Languages in Schools the Silent Way,” published in 1963.
Like most cultural events of the 60s and 70s, it was a reaction to previous approaches and methods that were considered excessively rigid and constricting.
The basic method that underlies this approach is simple but potentially quite powerful: In contrast to traditional methods, the emphasis is on the student’s learning rather than the teacher’s teaching.
In fact, it’s not uncommon for the teacher to remain silent for parts of a lesson.
In the absence of the teacher dominating the lesson, the student takes an active role in the learning process, and their input guides the learning trajectory.
The teacher redirects and corrects when necessary, but the teacher grants students greater autonomy and fosters the development of independent problem-solving skills.
The role of the teacher is to direct students’ focus, facilitate self-reflection and provide verbal and nonverbal feedback when necessary. On the other hand, students are encouraged to speak as much as possible.
Most of the traditional tools for language instruction (textbooks, worksheets, verb conjugation tables) are completely absent from this method.
In their place, instruction takes place through the medium of Cuisenaire rods and charts.
Cuisenaire rods are colored rods traditionally used in teaching math to primary school students.
And the charts indicate the correct pronunciation of certain letters without the teacher having to teach pronunciation through rote memorization or call-and-response exercises.
Why Might You Decide to Use the Silent Way Method?
I know how you feel. Teaching a language with silence? How could that possibly work?
Don’t be too quick to judge. There are plenty of great reasons to at least give this method a try.
- Student-directed learning. We all know what the research says: Students learn better when they can be active participants in their own learning. It just seems logical that when it comes to language, allowing students to do all the talking is the best way to accomplish that.
- Improved problem-solving skills. Without your input, students are forced to figure out all kinds of things on their own, mimicking some real-life problem-solving situations they might face if immersed in the target language. These are skills that they won’t have the opportunity to develop if the teacher always figures it out for them.
- Increased engagement. Learning basic vocabulary and pronunciation can often feel monotonous to students. With the Silent Way, students are engaged in learning, discovering words and sounds instead of having them drilled into them. Students become more engaged and invested in the process as they assume more responsibility for their own learning, and tasks have more relevance.
- A positive, safe learning environment. Limited input from the teacher means almost no criticism. This means students feel that it’s safe to make mistakes, a necessary step in language learning.
- It can supplement further student-centered work. Including the above features in your students’ learning will complement deeper interactive and independent work with the language.
Potential Problems with the Silent Way Method
Despite the benefits, the Silent Way simply isn’t for everyone. Here are some valid reasons for deciding not to use it:
- It may feel strange and scary to some students. It is safe to say that your students have never experienced anything quite like the Silent Way before. Without adequate explanation or preparation, they might be unsure of how to handle it, especially in the beginning.
- It may be challenging for some students. Students who have an IEP or require extra coaching due to special needs can struggle with the Silent Way. These students need frequent interactions with their teachers to be successful.
- Students may feel that they are not getting enough feedback. While traditional teaching methods extensively use verbal and written feedback, the Silent Way does not. This means that students will have to adjust to the new way of receiving feedback and may feel insecure about the lack of verbal positive or negative reinforcement in the beginning.
- Progress may look different than with other methods. Advocates of the Silent Way will tell you that the focus is on learning a few things well rather than “covering” the material, but the Silent Way aims for quality rather than quantity. In other words, it may feel like students spend much time learning the basics of vocabulary and pronunciation rather than progressing quickly through these topics.
Strategies to Make the Silent Way Method Work for You and Your Students
If you decide to use this method, here are some strategies to help you find success:
- Educate students thoroughly from the outset about this method and why you are using it. Once you have achieved student buy-in, you can implement this method without fear of scaring them away.
- Check in individually with students who need it from time to time, to make sure that they are okay. You can schedule regular meeting times with them, or check in discreetly during class. This will help them feel more confident about their progress.
- Give feedback non-verbally. Practice conveying a message with body language, gestures and facial expressions. You will be amazed at how much you can communicate to students without saying a word.
- Emphasize quality over quantity. Clearly articulate that attaining mastery, rather than simply covering everything in the curriculum, is the priority.
Now that you understand the basics of the Silent Way and how it works, let’s begin to put it into practice with an activity.
A Silent Way-inspired Sample Activity
There’s a wealth of literature on the techniques and methods of the Silent Way.
If you want to become an expert, I recommend starting with Gattegno’s original book “Teaching Foreign Languages in Schools the Silent Way” (which is available for free online) and then working your way up from there.
However, even if you aren’t formally trained as an expert in the Silent Way, you can still use its methodologies successfully in your language classroom.
First, you’ll need the right equipment:
- Cuisenaire rods. You can find Cuisenaire rods at most educational supply stores that sell classroom manipulatives. One great online resource is Hand2Mind, a site where you can easily find and order a wide variety of classroom resources. There are over 40 options for Cuisenaire rods alone.
- Silent Way charts. These are a bit more difficult to find. A website called Educational Solutions is the sole supplier of them. But it is also completely feasible to look at examples of them and create your own.
- Pronunciation charts. Examples of English pronunciation charts can be found here. Links to pronunciation charts in other languages—such as Chinese, Japanese and French—can be reached via the website of Donald Cherry, a long-time practitioner and advocate of the Silent Way.
- Other resources you want to use. You can find other resources on TED-Ed to help you get set up for using this method in your classroom.
You will begin by instructing your students on pronunciation using a chart with multicolored rectangles.
What do rectangles have to do with pronunciation, you ask? Well, each color represents a different sound.
Once the students have learned—through repetition—what these sounds are, you can move on to charts that have short words with letters that are color-coded to represent the sounds.
(See, for example, these charts from Pronunciation Science.)
Once students have connected the colors to the sounds, you can teach the pronunciation of simple words without almost any verbal intervention at all.
It is just a matter of pointing to the correct sound on the chart and indicating to the student, through your body language, whether they pronounce it correctly or not.
At this point, you’ll also want to solicit feedback among students, which is an important part of Silent Way teaching. You can tap one sound harder than the others if you need to show students which syllable of a word to stress.
Once students have learned which sound corresponds to which color, you can walk them through a simple activity:
1. Call a student to the front of the room and hand them a rod. Using the pronunciation chart, point out the sounds to help students form the words: “Put the rod on the table.”
2. Ask the class (through gesture) to repeat the instruction: “Put the rod on the table.”
3. The student then follows the direction and puts the rod on the table.
4. Next, point out another direction using the chart: “Put the rod under the table.”
5. Follow the same process outlined in Steps 2-3.
6. Continue by asking students to direct each other to put rods in different places (“on the chair,” “in front of the window,” etc.)
The wonderful thing about this activity is that it gets students talking and problem-solving together in the target language—with virtually no verbal intervention from you.
Practical Considerations for Everyday Use of the Silent Way
As you can tell, there are certainly advantages to this unconventional method.
But is the Silent Way really practical? How much will your students learn?
The answer depends on you and your students. Some teachers use the Silent Way religiously. They and their students will tell you that they have found it far superior to any other method.
On the other extreme, some will tell you it’s nonsense.
As with most things in education and life, a balanced approach is key.
Especially when you first begin using it, combining aspects of the Silent Way with some of the best practices taken from other methods may be preferable.
In fact, if you examine the Silent Way closely, there are resemblances with other more popular methods.
Like TPR, it gets students moving, speaking and constructing meaning independently without textbooks and drills.
And like task-based language learning, the focus is taken away from learning the language and instead becomes all about functionality and accomplishing a task together.
In short, the Silent Way has more advantages than we’ve given it credit for.
And it deserves (at the very least!) a second look!
Download: This blog post is available as a convenient and portable PDF that you can take anywhere. Click here to get a copy. (Download)