By Mose Hayward Last updated: January 26, 2024

Vous vs. Tu: An In-depth Guide to Avoiding French Social Awkwardness

Just about every sentence you form in French takes into account formality, respect and familiarity.

In other words, you’re constantly making that choice between vous and tu (the formal and informal “you,” respectively).

Did you know that there was a formal version of “you” in English too? The word “thou” was used to express formality, but has been replaced by the word “you.”

Let’s learn how to differentiate between these two versions of “you” in French and when to use them.

Contents

• Vous and tu help us define relationships
• The pronouns and possessive adjectives that indicate formality
• When to use the informal register
• When to use the formal register
• What to do if you don’t know
• Handle with care
• And one more thing...

Download: This blog post is available as a convenient and portable PDF that you can take anywhere. Click here to get a copy. (Download)

Vous and tu help us define relationships

That’s right, we can think of vous and tu as useful tools. They indicate your desired type of relationship with someone, as in the following exchange from the brilliant farce “Le Dindon” (“The Turkey”) by Georges Feydeau. Here, Pinchard has been making inappropriate advances (à la Pepé le Pew) on the chambermaid. He trips her up a bit by using tu:

Pinchard: Comment t’appelles-tu ? (What is your name?)

Clara: Eh bien ! et toi ? (Well, I never! And you?) […]

Pinchard: Ah ! Elle me tutoie ! (Oh! She’s using tu with me!) […]

Clara: Tiens ! Est-ce que je vous ai permis de me tutoyer ? (Well! Did I say you could use tu with me?)

Notice how Clara switches back to vous in the last sentence? She’s using this lovely, vexing feature of French to demarcate the relationship she wishes to have with Pinchard. Pinchard, on the other hand, uses the same feature to extract the meaning that he wants to hear with Ah ! Elle me tutoie ! (This line gets a laugh.)

The pronouns and possessive adjectives that indicate formality

So we’ve just met vous and tu, our French second-person subject pronouns. Note that this distinction only exists in the singular; if you’re addressing more than one person you’ll always use vous.

Vous is also the formal object pronoun, as in the above je vous ai permis… (literally, “I permitted you”). Tu becomes te (or t’ before a vowel or mute h) when it’s an object. So je t’ai permis would be the informal way to say the same thing.

The second-person possessive adjectives also have formal and informal versions. Tu becomes ton, ta, tes (“your” in informal masculine, feminine and plural forms respectively) and vous becomes votre, vos (“your” in formal masculine/feminine, plural).

For example, Clara then addresses Pinchard’s wife:

Clara: Voulez-vous faire taire Monsieur votre mari ! (Would you make your husband shut up?!)

When to use the informal register

Here’s who you’ll address with tu and its variants:

• Children and animals: This rule’s not complicated. If you’re talking to French children or, for some reason, fauna, use tu.

• (Fellow) young people in informal situations: If you’re in school, or out at bars or parties, you’ll almost always use tu with your peers of the same age, even if you don’t know them personally. “Young” can have a larger sense in French than in English—for example, someone who’s 35 may still comfortably describe him/herself as a jeune homme/fille (young man/woman).
  This carries over to attitudes with vous and tu; thirty-somethings are likely to use tu between themselves if they feel that the situation is informal.

• Friends/family: People who you’re close to are always addressed with tu. Likewise for people who you meet in social situations. It’s a bit more complicated if you’ve just been introduced to a friend of a friend; you’ll have to judge whether the situation is more formal, but in many cases you’ll use tu.

• Work colleagues whom you know well: This strongly depends on the work environment. In arts organizations, startups and nonprofits—or in less-stiff environments (no dress code, for example)—you’re likely to use tu with your colleagues, especially those whom you see every day. But, even when colleagues are using tu among themselves, bosses often treat and are treated with vous, unless it’s a small and informal company where everyone knows each other. Many bosses think that it’s difficult to fulfill their management functions properly if they use tu.

When to use the formal register

Use vous for the following:

• With older people: If you’re a child/teen and you’re addressing an adult who’s not a family member, use vous until you’ve been invited to do otherwise. Adults will address you with tu, but can hear those the same age as you or younger sometimes address you with vous. 

• With people you don’t know: If you’re asking for directions or generally talking to someone whom you don’t know, vous is a safer bet.

• Bureaucratic situations: use vous when talking with people working in government agencies or large corporations. 

• In business: use vous in more formal business environments. You’ll definitely use vous in meetings with those whom you don’t see every day. 

• Customer relationships: You’ll almost always use vous.

What to do if you don’t know

“That all sounds great,” you might be saying, “But what about this grey area X?” The truth is, there probably isn’t one right answer for such questions.

But here are some strategies:

• Listen for the other person’s register. Is she addressing you with vous or tu? I know that it’s difficult to catch, as you’re already expending so much effort on just getting the meaning of a sentence when you’re a language learner. But register (like noun gender) is something that we don’t naturally use in English and so we have to make an extra, conscious effort to listen for it.

• Ask: On se tutoie ? (Can we use tu?)

• When in doubt, you’re safer with vous.

Hear tu and vous in context in the video library of FluentU:

Handle with care

This post offers guidelines, but always pay careful attention to how you’re addressed and how people around you address each other. Doing so will help you fine-tune your sense of when to use which register.

Literature, and especially films and plays (do read or see the rest of Feydeau’s masterwork!) are also useful, as they have lots of dialogue.

Your eventual goal should be to get to the point where the distinction feels not only natural, but actually useful for communicating subtext about the relationships you’re creating.

Download: This blog post is available as a convenient and portable PDF that you can take anywhere. Click here to get a copy. (Download)

And one more thing...

If you like learning French on your own time and from the comfort of your smart device, then I'd be remiss to not tell you about FluentU.

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Practice and reinforce all the vocabulary you've learned in a given video with learn mode. Swipe left or right to see more examples for the word you’re learning, and play the mini-games found in our dynamic flashcards, like "fill in the blank."

All throughout, FluentU tracks the vocabulary that you’re learning and uses this information to give you a totally personalized experience. It gives you extra practice with difficult words—and reminds you when it’s time to review what you’ve learned.

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