By niko Last updated: May 1, 2023

The Ultimate Guide to Learning Hiragana and Katakana

When you start your Japanese learning journey, the first thing that is often recommended by textbooks and teachers is to learn hiragana and katakana, collectively called the “kana.”

With these recommended methods and resources,you can learn to write, type and read the Japanese kana. Once you get into it, you might even start itching for Japanese subtitles instead of English when you watch your Japanese dramas!

Three Japanese Alphabets
Hiragana
Katakana
How to Learn Hiragana and Katakana

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Three Japanese Alphabets

First things first, Japanese uses three main scripts (or alphabets): hiragana, katakana and kanji.

Kanji (漢字) are adopted Chinese characters used in modern Japanese writing. Most Japanese words (nouns, adjectives and verbs) are written in kanji. There are no spaces in Japanese, so kanji helps distinguish when a new word begins. Kanji characters are symbols that represents words. Think of ♥ as a kanji character that represents “love”. Do you understand “I♥you”? How about, “You’reA★”? These symbols act just like kanji does. The more kanji you learn, the easier reading Japanese becomes. However, today we’ll learn about reading Japanese without kanji.

We’ll be focusing on hiragana and katakana (often referred to as kana) in this article — and for a very good reason! Hiragana and katakana consist of a little less than 50 characters each. Don’t let this number overwhelm you! If you think about it, between capital and lowercase letters, cursive and print, English has 104 different letter appearances in its alphabet!

All hiragana and katakana characters make phonetic sounds, just like the English alphabet. This means that こ makes the “ko” sound, ん makes the “n” sound, に makes the “ni” sound, ち is “chi”, and “は” in this situation is pronounced as “wa”. Together, こんにちは reads as “konnichiwa”! Easy, right? You can use hiragana to read the sound of a kanji character.

Hiragana and katakana use the same sounds, but different characters.

Hiragana

Hiragana (ひらがな) is used mainly for grammatical purposes. Remember the symbol ♥ ? If you wrote “♥ing” it’d be read as “loving”. In Japanese the suffix “-ing” would be written in hiragana. Participles, expressions, and words with extremely difficult or rare kanji are mostly written in hiragana. Hiragana characters are easy to identify because they’re usually a bit curvy and look simpler than kanji characters.

私の名前は優也です。
寿司を食べます。
英語は難しい…

There are some cases where Japanese words use hiragana more often than kanji, such as かわいい (kawaii) or さようなら (sayounara).

Katakana

While katakana (カタカナ) represents the same sounds as hiragana, it’s mainly used to represent foreign words. Foreign names are represented in katakana, as are many foreign foods. Japan’s fun and quirky onomatopoeia appears in both katakana and hiragana. Katakana characters take a boxier form than hiragana characters do, and appear simpler than kanji. Every katakana character has a hiragana counterpart that makes the same sound.

レディー・ガガ (Lady Gaga)
ボン・ジョヴィ (Bon Jovi)
ジョン・スミス (John Smith)

The small circle in between the previous names separates a first name from a last name (or separates two names) so Japanese readers can tell where a foreign name begins and ends.

ビールを飲んでみましょう！(Let’s drink beer!)
私はアメリカンフットボールが好きです！(I like American football*.)
マクドナルドで食べる。(Eat at McDonald’s.)

*American football can also be called アメフト.

Because these words aren’t native to Japan, they’re written in katakana. Many sound words (like sound effects in manga or animal noises) are also written in katakana.

How to Learn Hiragana and Katakana

If you’re like me, you’d much rather be on Facebook, watching anime, or doing anything but studying hiragana and katakana. Luckily there are a few easy ways to learn these scripts.

The next thing you might want to do is have a hiragana and katakana chart at hand for reference. You can find a number of great charts with a simple internet search. Then, ensure that you can read and write in Japanese on your computer:

For Windows Users: CosCom Tutorial
For Mac Users: CosCom Tutorial

Type in Japanese

One way that I learned hiragana and katakana so easily was by typing in Japanese whenever I had the opportunity. Whether you’re taking notes, writing to a pen pal, or tweeting about how much you love FluentU, type it in Japanese!

To type in Japanese, select Japanese input on your computer. Type as you usually would on your normal (English) keyboard. So if you write “a” on your keyboard the character “あ” (which makes the same phonetic sound) will appear. If you type “ko” the character “こ” will be created.

If you’re satisfied with what you’ve written, hit “enter” on your keyboard. If you’d like to change the text from hiragana to katakana, press the “space key” on your keyboard. A drop-down menu should appear with a list of possible katakana or kanji to choose from.

This will have you recognizing characters with hardly any effort. For more detailed instructions on how to type in Japanese, you can check out CosCom’s Japanese typing tutorial or Redcocoon’s Japanese typing tutorial.

Write in Japanese

After frequently typing in Japanese, I was able to recognize more and more characters, but actually writing in Japanese with pen and paper is what really engraved each character into my memory. By keeping a small journal, a study notebook, or flashcards, you can regularly practice writing.

I keep a small calendar of daily activities and special events, all written in Japanese. When I first started writing in Japanese, my handwriting was atrocious and I disliked writing in kanji. Nowadays, it feels like second nature to record my daily events in Japanese script. Practice makes perfect, so even if it’s just a few words a day, try jotting them down somewhere.

Here are some practice sheets if you prefer some structured writing:

Read in Japanese

Now the big challenge: Reading in Japanese! When I first began to read in Japanese, I disliked it. I read slowly, I had a hard time pronouncing words and I would often give up shortly after scanning some text. Luckily, there are some great resources available for beginner readers!

Chokochoko Library offers free downloads of short Japanese stories with furigana (hiragana that appears over unfamiliar kanji characters), spaces and translations. This is extremely helpful if you’re just introducing yourself to Japanese script.

The next text that is highly recommended is Japanese Graded Readers. The hard copy of Japanese Graded Readers consists of an assortment of books that are separated into levels. The beginner books have furigana so readers who don’t know kanji quite yet can still read with hiragana. The books also come with audio so that you can listen to a native speaker as you read. Following along with the native speaker or mimicking them is great for improving the speed at which you read and speak.

Use Furigana

To recap, furigana is hiragana that is displayed over kanji characters. This is especially useful for anyone who wants to learn hiragana or kanji. A furigana plug-in on your web browser will allow you to browse Japanese websites and hover over words that you don’t know. When you hover over an unfamiliar word, a hiragana and an English translation will appear. Furigana Inserter is one such plug-in for Firefox.

If you use an internet browser that doesn’t support a furigana plug-in, then you can use a “furigana generator”. Furigana generators are websites that will take a webpage and insert furigana over any kanji. Hiragana Megane is a furigana generator.

Furiganizer is also very useful, as it lets you type or paste documents and add furigana to the inputted text. After, you have the option to export your new text to word programs.

With FluentU, you can watch videos with subtitles that use kanji with furigana, accompanied by English translations. The website and app has loads of engaging videos, along with flashcards and quizzes to help you remember every unknown word you come across.

FluentU takes authentic videos—like music videos, movie trailers, news and inspiring talks—and turns them into personalized language learning lessons.

You can try FluentU for free for 2 weeks. Click here to check out the website or download the iOS app or Android app.

Study on Your Desktop

If you have some time on your hands, then why not have a one-on-one session with yourself and kana? Whether you’re a person who needs visuals and sounds to remember characters, or if you can make do with simple flashcards, there are numerous resources available online that will help you study with ease.

Real Kana is a flashcard stimulator that you can use on your desktop (or iOS phone). It lets you choose the hiragana or katakana characters that you’d like to study, and even allows its users to select the font in which the Japanese characters will appear. Similarly, Genki Self Study has simple Japanese learning resources directed at those who are trying to learn Japanese script. You can quiz yourself on hiragana and katakana by using flashcards, games or a listening quiz.

Finally, when you need to reference a dictionary, I recommend Japanese Dictionary (Mac) and Tangorin English ⇆ Japanese Dictionary.

Do you have a favorite study method? For me, writing and typing in Japanese are my favorites! Simple and easy, right? I hope that these methods can help you read and write like a pro! Try some (or all) of these methods and see which one works for you. You’ll be surprised by how quickly and easily learning katakana and hiragana can be.

Good luck!