By Daniel Lal Last updated: May 1, 2023

Simplified vs. Traditional Chinese: Which Should You Learn?

The Chinese language has two official writing systems: simplified and traditional Chinese.

But what’s the difference between traditional and simplified Chinese? Which is more common? Where in the world are the two used?

And which should you learn?

We’ll cover these answers and more in this ultimate guide to traditional vs. simplified Chinese.

Note: Chinese words in this article will be written as “simplified/traditional,” then accompanied by the pinyin and meaning. e.g. 中国 / 中國 (zhōng guó) — China. Characters that are the same in both forms will only appear once.

Simplified vs. Traditional Chinese: In a Nutshell
Where Simplified and Traditional Chinese Are Used
The Differences Between Simplified and Traditional Chinese
The Historical Significance of Simplified vs. Traditional Characters
- The Evolution of Chinese Writing
- A Brief History of Simplified and Traditional Characters

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Simplified vs. Traditional Chinese: In a Nutshell

Before you decide which to learn, ask yourself these three questions:

Where do you live/Where will you be traveling?
Who will you most commonly communicate with?
Which do you find more interesting?

If you live in or are traveling around an area that uses traditional characters, go traditional. The same is true for simplified.

Maybe you don’t live in a Chinese-speaking region. Maybe you just have Chinese friends or live in an area where it’s a minority language. If that’s the case, just choose the version that the people around you use.

A lot of times, when characters have the same pronunciation but are written differently, people will describe the character with radicals when speaking.

Let’s have a look at 见 / 見 (jiàn) — see.

The traditional character 見 is divided into the following radicals:

目 (mù) — eye

儿 (ér) — child

On the other hand, the simplified character 见 is considered both a character and its own radical.

If you like the traditional meanings and history of the traditional characters, learn traditional. If you like to be able to read small fonts and want to write more quickly, simplified might be the way to go.

Where Simplified and Traditional Chinese Are Used

Traditional Chinese is used by Chinese speakers in Hong Kong, Taiwan and Macau, as well as the majority of Mandarin and Cantonese speakers who live in other countries.

Territories that use traditional characters generally use them exclusively.

Although some locals may be familiar with the simplified form through news channels and online articles, simplified Chinese really hasn’t found its way into everyday life in those areas.

Simplified Chinese is used by both Mandarin and Cantonese speakers living in Mainland China, Malaysia and Singapore. Most Cantonese speakers in China live in the 广东 / 廣東 (guǎng dōng) province. Because they’re part of Mainland China, they use the simplified writing system.

In areas where simplified characters are generally used, traditional characters do show up on occasion in everyday life.

Traditional characters are generally used in very formal business settings, as well as in any situation involving high-level professional writing (contracts, government papers, etc.).

It’s also used by anyone who wants to stand out from others, similar to how cursive script fonts might be used in the States to represent elegance.

Simplified Chinese is the more common writing system because China has way more people than the other regions and countries mentioned, but the traditional system shouldn’t be written off just because of the numbers.

Which writing system you learn might depend on who you’ll be communicating with or possibly on which system is being used by your favorite Chinese learning resources.

Fortunately, most language learning apps and programs let you choose between the two.

For example, FluentU is a video-focused language learning program that lets you display either simplified or traditional Chinese in the subtitles.

FluentU’s interactive subtitles also let you display pinyin and English if you need them, and you can click any word in the captions for a definition, pronunciation guide and example sentences.

Digital learning resources are convenient for a variety of reasons, and the ease of changing between traditional and simplified Chinese is definitely one of them.

The Differences Between Simplified and Traditional Chinese

Traditional Chinese Characters

The traditional writing system is regarded as being richer in meaning than simplified. There are historical cultural references as well as pictorial descriptions that reflect the thinking of earlier times.

The cultural and historical significance of a character isn’t usually easy to figure out. An example is 发 / 髮 (fà) — hair. Hair has always had political and social implications in Chinese history. If you had long hair, you supported the controlling rulers. Your long hair would be put up and pinned as part of your coming-of-age ceremony.

If you wore your hair down, you were a rebel or dissenter. If you were being punished, your hair would be cut, or you would be shaved bald. Notice the top two components of the traditional character for hair, 髮:

镸 / 长 (cháng) — long

彡 (shān) — hair

Remove those two components, and the character becomes 发, which is the simplified character used for hair.

Pictorial characters are a little simpler. An example of a pictorial character is 门 / 門 (men) — door.

The traditional character looks similar to saloon doors, with the simplified character looking somewhat like a doorframe.

A lot of simplified characters are based on characters from a previously used script. So as arbitrary as the difference in characters may seem sometimes, there is a reason for it.

Most characters, both simplified and traditional, have built-in meaning in some way. However, one of the big arguments in favor of traditional Chinese is that the meaning is clearer and deeper.

The most common character used for arguing this point is 爱 / 愛 (ài) — love. In the simplified version, the character 心 (xīn) — heart has been removed from the middle of the character. And you can imagine why many people view this omission as significant!

Simplified Chinese Characters

All that being said about traditional characters, the simplified writing system does have a lot of practical value.

One pro-simplified viewpoint is that it takes less time and is much easier to write.

Take a look at 发 / 髮. The simplified character has five strokes, while the traditional character has 15.

Here are a few more examples:

书 / 書 (shū) — book (four strokes vs. 10 strokes)

华 / 華 (huá) — magnificent (six strokes vs. 11 strokes)

广 / 廣 (guǎng) — wide (three strokes vs. 15 strokes)

A side-by-side comparison of traditional and simplified characters will show that a good chunk of them are the same in both character sets.

So which characters have been simplified?

They fall into four categories, which are explained below with examples.

Category 1 example: 习 / 習 (xí) — habit

Characters in this category are components of traditional characters but function as their own characters in simplified Chinese (though not as radicals for other characters).

Simply put, these are parts of traditional characters that became their own characters.

The character 羽 (yǔ) — feather/wings is the top component of the traditional character 習, but 習 was further simplified to 习, which was never considered an individual component before the simplification process.

The second conditional of this category is that they don’t function as radicals for other characters. That detail was included so 习 wasn’t mistaken as a radical for the character 羽. 羽 in itself is a full radical.

Category 2 example: 言 (yán) — speech/words

These characters were simplified as left-side radicals but maintained the traditional form when used as other character components or standalone characters.

The traditional version of the character 言 (yán) wasn’t simplified. As a radical, it’s simplified to 讠 so characters with this radical would have fewer strokes. The main part of the character stayed the same.

说 / 説 (shuō) — speak

语 / 語 (yǔ) — language

谈 / 談 (tán) — discuss/converse

Other characters in this category include 食 (shí) — food (simplified as 饣) and 金 (jīn) — metal/money (simplified as 钅):

饿 / 餓 (è) — hungry

饭 / 飯 (fàn) — food, specifically cooked rice

错 / 錯 (cuò) — mistake/error

钦 / 欽 (qīn) — admire/respect

When these characters function as a component and not as left-side radical, they keep their traditional form:

誓 (shì) — oath

鉴 / 鑒 (jiàn) — reflect

餐 (cān) — meal

Characters also keep their traditional form when paired with other characters to form words:

语言 / 語言 (yǔ yán) — language

食物 (shí wù) — food

现金 / 現金 (xiàn jīn) — cash

Category 3 example: 见 / 見 (jiàn) — see

Characters in this category were simplified, regardless of whether they functioned as a radical, component or individually as part of a word.

现 / 現 (xiàn) — present

觉 / 覺 (jué) — sense/feel

见面 / 見面 (jiàn miàn) — meet up

Category 4 example: 卫 / 衛 (wèi) — defend/guard

These characters were simplified based on shorthand versions of characters and may be completely different from their traditional counterparts.

The center component of the traditional character 韋 (wéi) has a simplified version: 韦 (wéi). But because the shorthand version of this character made it even simpler, that was chosen as the official simplified version.

Another example of a simplification that doesn’t seem to fit the rules is 夸 / 誇 (kuā) — exaggerate.

It seems like this character should have the simplified 言 (yán) component 讠, along with 夸 (kuā). It didn’t simplify that way because 夸 (kuā) was already an officially accepted form of the traditional character 誇 (kuā) in other types of script.

The Historical Significance of Simplified vs. Traditional Characters

When I encountered native Chinese speakers in the States, I asked them which writing system they prefer. The answer was usually “traditional,” often said with a very strong, slightly offended sounding tone.

The need for simplified characters can be a hot button issue. Here’s a little bit of the cultural history to help you understand why.

The Evolution of Chinese Writing

There are seven Chinese scripts, starting with the four scripts that evolved into today’s traditional Chinese writing:

甲骨文 (jiǎ gǔ wén) — Oracle Bone Script, which is about 3,500 years old. This script was mainly pictographs, or very simple pictures representing objects. A pictograph and its opposite (for example, “rain” and “no rain”) would be etched into turtle shells or animal bones, and the shells or bones would be heated until cracks appeared. The cracks pointed to the answer to the question. Because they were used in fortune telling, the word “oracle” is part of the name.

大篆 (dà zhuàn) — Greater Seal, about 3,100 years old. This script existed around the same time as the oracle bone script but was written on cast bronze vessels. There’s a slight difference between the two scripts, mostly because of the material it was written on.

小篆 (xiǎo zhuàn) — Lesser Seal. This is regarded as the forerunner to modern traditional Chinese. It was the first script to use radicals and become less pictorial.

隶书 / 隸書 (lì shū) — Clerical Script. This was mainly used by government officials as the characters in the script have fewer strokes and a more flowing style of writing than Lesser Seal. It made writing faster, especially with a brush. Clerical Script and traditional characters have the same shape.

After Clerical Script, Chinese writing got more and more cursive-like. These are the three scripts used today, mostly in calligraphy:

楷书 / 楷書 (kǎi shū) — Standard Script. This is a slightly more stylized version of Clerical Script, using only traditional characters. Certain Clerical Script strokes were straight lines, but in Standard Script, they finish with a slight hook to give the character… character.

行书 / 行書 (xíng shū) — Running Script. This is the cursive version of Standard Script, and a lot of strokes are combined into one, much like how English cursive works.

草书 / 草書 (cǎo shū) — Grass Script. This is cursive-ness to the extreme. There are more combined strokes than in Running Script, and some strokes are completely left out.

A Brief History of Simplified and Traditional Characters

As new scripts were developed through the dynasties, Chinese writing became more and more functional.

Pronunciation keys were added, the concept of radicals was introduced and character components were added to and gave indications of the meaning. These still exist in today’s traditional Chinese writing system.

The arguments for a simplified character set began in the early 1900s, but simplification wasn’t implemented until the People’s Republic of China was formed in 1949. Interestingly, the eventual goal of character simplification was to completely romanize the Chinese writing system.

This is why pinyin was invented and promoted around the same time. The simplified characters were developed and promoted in education systems in the 1950s with the goal of increasing literacy, especially among the older population.

The plan seems to have worked. When the simplified writing system began to be taught, China’s literacy rate was around 20%. It’s now estimated to be around 95%.

People in favor of traditional characters argue that the simplified writing system has outlived its purpose. After all, children in Hong Kong and Taiwan do perfectly fine learning the traditional characters.

Those who advocate for simplified characters continue to argue that simplified still has advantages in more rural areas where formal education isn’t so accessible.

Regardless of which political or social viewpoint you have, you should aim to understand the differences between simplified and traditional Chinese characters.

The ability to write well earns sincere respect from Chinese people. They know the language is difficult to write, and if you can do so beautifully, they’ll view you as far more than just a naive foreigner!

The decision may not be easy, but the results will be worth it.